Professor Lindsay Bashford

Title: Director of Academic Undergraduate Studies
Phone: +44 (0)1782 733654
Email:
Location: Room 1.06. Keele University Medical School
Role: ISTM Research theme: Neuroscience & Human Metabolism
Contacting me: Arrange an appointment by e-mail.
lindsay bashford

Prior to taking up his post at Keele, Professor Bashford and his colleagues at the Department of Biochemistry and Immunology at St George’s Hospital Medical School in London used plastic membranes with tiny holes in to investigate how different ions get from one side of the membrane to the other, in order to mimic how ions pass through cell membranes that have been damaged by toxins. Surprisingly, the pores in cell membranes behaved in the same way as the ion channels in nerve membranes. This discovery gave them the opportunity to look at the mechanisms involved when nerves are attacked and provides hope that one day, people with debilitating injuries caused by nerve damage coule be given artificial nerves to help with their recovery.

Twenty years ago, Professor Lindsay Bashford began looking at the damage done to cell membranes by viruses, toxins and other poisons. Previous work by Professor Charles Pasternak found that as certain viruses entered and infected cells, the cell membrane became leaky. Together they discovered that it did not matter whether the attack was by a virus, bee-sting, bacterial toxin or other poison, there was a common pattern - holes were made in the membrane.

The next step was to make a very simple model of the cell membrane - a phospholipid bilayer - in which to investigate the holes made by the toxin chosen for study, in this case S. aureus alpha-toxin. The formation of a toxin-induced hole triggered the flow of ions through the model bilayer in an ‘on'/'off' manner. They found that even in the larger pores formed by certain toxins, the ion current switched between high and low conducting states just like the ion channels of natural membranes.

Researchers from St Petersburg who came to work with the St George’s team then helped to take the research in a new direction. Their links with the Dubna Nuclear Research Institute in Moscow provided access to plastic sheets that might mimic biological membranes. Tiny holes were made in the plastic
membrane and the current through individual pores was measured by pressing a glass microelectrode against the plastic sheet floating on the surface of a suitable solution. This led to the development of a special microscope, based on a glass microelectrode, that has turned out to be very useful for imaging living cells and monitoring the behaviour of their membranes. Using this approach, the current passing through many individual pores was measured under a wide range of conditions. By varying the number of ions on either side of the membrane, they discovered that the current through the pore was virtually independent of the number of ions present outside it.

This observation suggested that a novel mechanism was at work. Each hole filled up with ions - like filling a tube with tennis balls. Then, when a new ion came along and bumped into the top ion in the hole, this popped an ion out the other side, causing a current to flow. This 'knock on' mechanism meant that ions appeared to pass through the hole very quickly, when in fact they are simply joining the queue in the hole.

To see what was going on, the researchers used fluorescent ions and a microscope to demonstrate that the ions did indeed queue in the hole and also to see how the situation changed over time. Their results show that ions flow through the plastic pores by a mechanism similar to that found in nerve cell ion channels.

In the long-term, it is hoped that the understanding of how ions pass through nerve cell membranes, and the fact that plastic membranes can be made to behave in the same way, could lead to the development of artificial nerves. As with a lot of research, other applications may stem from this new understanding. Novel water filtering devices that separate out different ions, or even a green way of generating electricity by passing sea water through the tiny holes in plastic membranes to produce a current, are two of Professor Bashford's ideas.

ISTM Research theme: Neuroscience & Human Metabolism

Development of nanoscale imaging devices using scanning probe technologies.

Selected Publications

  • Bashford CL. 2004. Ion permeation of pores in model membranes: selectivity, fluctuations and the role of surface charge. Germany. link> doi>
  • Duclohier H, Alder GM, Bashford CL, Bruckner H, Chugh JK, Wallace BA. 2004. Conductance Studies on Trichotoxin A_50E and Implications for Channel Structure. Biophysical Journal.
  • Duclohier H, Alder GM, Bashford CL, Brückner H, Chugh JK, Wallace BA. 2004. Conductance studies on trichotoxin_A50E and implications for channel structure. Biophys J, vol. 87(3), 1705-1710. link> doi>
  • Stubbs M, Bashford CL, Griffiths JR. 2003. Understanding the tumor metabolic phenotype in the genomic era. Curr Mol Med, vol. 3(1), 49-59. link> doi>
  • Bashford CL, Alder GM, Pasternak CA. 2002. Fluctuation of surface charge in membrane pores. Biophys J, vol. 82(4), 2032-2040. link> doi>

Full Publications List show

Journal Articles

  • Duclohier H, Alder GM, Bashford CL, Bruckner H, Chugh JK, Wallace BA. 2004. Conductance Studies on Trichotoxin A_50E and Implications for Channel Structure. Biophysical Journal.
  • Duclohier H, Alder GM, Bashford CL, Brückner H, Chugh JK, Wallace BA. 2004. Conductance studies on trichotoxin_A50E and implications for channel structure. Biophys J, vol. 87(3), 1705-1710. link> doi>
  • Stubbs M, Bashford CL, Griffiths JR. 2003. Understanding the tumor metabolic phenotype in the genomic era. Curr Mol Med, vol. 3(1), 49-59. link> doi>
  • Bashford CL, Alder GM, Pasternak CA. 2002. Fluctuation of surface charge in membrane pores. Biophys J, vol. 82(4), 2032-2040. link> doi>
  • Mycielska ME, Schäfer M, Fraser SP, Djamgoz MB, Bashford CL. 2000. A study of membrane activity in rat prostate cancer cells: an evaluation of the FM1-43 dye technique. Biosci Rep, vol. 20(1), 31-40. link> doi>
  • Stubbs M, McSheehy PM, Griffiths JR, Bashford CL. 2000. Causes and consequences of tumour acidity and implications for treatment. Mol Med Today, vol. 6(1), 15-19. link> doi>
  • Smart OS, Coates GMP, Sansom MSP, Alder GM, Bashford CL. 1999. Predicting conductance properties for ion channel structures. BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL, vol. 76(1), A205. link>
  • Coates GM, Bashford CL, Smart OS. 1998. Using HOLE to predict the effects of PEG's on the conductance of alpha-toxin. Biochem Soc Trans, vol. 26(3), S193. link>
  • Ojugo AS, McSheehy PM, Stubbs M, Alder G, Bashford CL, Maxwell RJ, Leach MO, Judson IR, Griffiths JR. 1998. Influence of pH on the uptake of 5-fluorouracil into isolated tumour cells. Br J Cancer, vol. 77(6), 873-879. link> doi>
  • Korchev YE, Bashford CL, Pederzolli C, Pasternak CA, Morgan PJ, Andrew PW, Mitchell TJ. 1998. A conserved tryptophan in pneumolysin is a determinant of the characteristics of channels formed by pneumolysin in cells and planar lipid bilayers. Biochem J, vol. 329 ( Pt 3), 571-577. link>
  • Spohr R, Reber N, Wolf A, Alder GM, Ang V, Bashford CL, Pasternak CA, Omichi H, Yoshida M. 1998. Thermal control of drug release by a responsive ion track membrane observed by radio tracer flow dialysis. J Control Release, vol. 50(1-3), 1-11. link> doi>
  • Smart OS, Coates GM, Sansom MS, Alder GM, Bashford CL. 1998. Structure-based prediction of the conductance properties of ion channels. Faraday Discuss, 185-199. link>
  • Korchev YE, Milovanovic M, Bashford CL, Bennett DC, Sviderskaya EV, Vodyanoy I, Lab MJ. 1997. Specialized scanning ion-conductance microscope for imaging of living cells. J Microsc, vol. 188(Pt 1), 17-23. link> doi>
  • Korchev YE, Bashford CL, Milovanovic M, Vodyanoy I, Lab MJ. 1997. Scanning ion conductance microscopy of living cells. Biophys J, vol. 73(2), 653-658. link> doi>
  • Korchev YE, Bashford CL, Alder GM, Apel PY, Edmonds DT, Lev AA, Nandi K, Zima AV, Pasternak CA. 1997. A novel explanation for fluctuations of ion current through narrow pores. FASEB J, vol. 11(7), 600-608. link>
  • Grzywna ZJ, Siwy Z, Bashford CL. 1996. Nonlinear theory for ionic transport through track-etched nuclear membranes. JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE, vol. 121(2), 261-269. link> doi>
  • Stubbs M, Van den Boogaart A, Bashford CL, Miranda PM, Rodrigues LM, Howe FA, Griffiths JR. 1996. 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of nucleated and non-nucleated erythrocytes; time domain data analysis (VARPRO) incorporating prior knowledge can give information on the binding of ADP. Biochim Biophys Acta, vol. 1291(2), 143-148. link> doi>
  • Rostovtseva TK, Bashford CL, Alder GM, Hill GN, McGiffert C, Apel PY, Lowe G, Pasternak CA. 1996. Diffusion through narrow pores: movement of ions, water and nonelectrolytes through track-etched PETP membranes. J Membr Biol, vol. 151(1), 29-43. link> doi>
  • Bashford CL, Alder GM, Fulford LG, Korchev YE, Kovacs E, MacKinnon A, Pederzolli C, Pasternak CA. 1996. Pore formation by S. aureus alpha-toxin in liposomes and planar lipid bilayers: effects of nonelectrolytes. J Membr Biol, vol. 150(1), 37-45. link> doi>
  • Korchev YE, Alder GM, Hill GN, McGiffert C, Pasternak CA, Rostovtseva TK, Bashford CL. 1996. Diffusion through pores and channels. BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL, vol. 70(2), WP240. link>
  • Korchev YE, Bashford CL, Alder GM, Kasianowicz JJ, Pasternak CA. 1995. Low conductance states of a single ion channel are not 'closed'. J Membr Biol, vol. 147(3), 233-239. link>
  • KORCHEV Y, ALDER G, BAKHRAMOV A, BASHFORD C, JOOMUN B, SVIDERSKAYA E, USHERWOOD P, PASTERNAK C. 1995. STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS ALPHA-TOXIN-INDUCED PORES - CHANNEL-LIKE BEHAVIOR IN LIPID BILAYERS AND PATCH CLAMPED CELLS (VOL 143, PG 143, 1995). JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE BIOLOGY, vol. 144(2), 185. link>
  • Korchev YE, Alder GM, Bakhramov A, Bashford CL, Joomun BS, Sviderskaya EV, Usherwood PN, Pasternak CA. 1995. Staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin-induced pores: channel-like behavior in lipid bilayers and patch clamped cells. J Membr Biol, vol. 143(2), 143-151. link>
  • Rostovtseva TK, Bashford CL, Lev AA, Pasternak CA. 1994. Triton channels are sensitive to divalent cations and protons. J Membr Biol, vol. 141(1), 83-90. link>
  • Bashford CL. 1994. Measurement of ion fluxes and pH gradients across cell membranes. Methods Mol Biol, vol. 27, 307-323. link>
  • Bashford CL. 1994. Measurement of membrane fluidity and membrane fusion with fluorescent probes. Methods Mol Biol, vol. 27, 177-187. link>
  • Bashford CL. 1994. Membrane permeabilization with bacterial toxins. Methods Mol Biol, vol. 27, 295-305. link>
  • Lev AA, Korchev YE, Rostovtseva TK, Bashford CL, Edmonds DT, Pasternak CA. 1993. Rapid switching of ion current in narrow pores: implications for biological ion channels. Proc Biol Sci, vol. 252(1335), 187-192. link> doi>
  • Pasternak CA, Alder GM, Bashford CL, Korchev YE, Pederzolli C, Rostovtseva TK. 1992. Membrane damage: common mechanisms of induction and prevention. FEMS Microbiol Immunol, vol. 5(1-3), 83-92. link>
  • Korchev YE, Bashford CL, Pasternak CA. 1992. Differential sensitivity of pneumolysin-induced channels to gating by divalent cations. J Membr Biol, vol. 127(3), 195-203. link>
  • Kuta AE, Bashford CL, Pasternak CA, Reynolds CW, Henkart PA. 1991. Characterization of non-lytic cytolysin-membrane intermediates. Mol Immunol, vol. 28(11), 1263-1270. link> doi>
  • Alder GM, Arnold WM, Bashford CL, Drake AF, Pasternak CA, Zimmermann U. 1991. Divalent cation-sensitive pores formed by natural and synthetic melittin and by Triton X-100. Biochim Biophys Acta, vol. 1061(1), 111-120. link> doi>
  • Alder GM, Austen BM, Bashford CL, Mehlert A, Pasternak CA. 1990. Heat shock proteins induce pores in membranes. Biosci Rep, vol. 10(6), 509-518. link> doi>
  • Alder GM, Bashford CL, Pasternak CA. 1990. Action of diphtheria toxin does not depend on the induction of large, stable pores across biological membranes. J Membr Biol, vol. 113(1), 67-74. link> doi>
  • MENESTRINA G, BASHFORD C, PASTERNAK C. 1990. PORE-FORMING TOXINS - EXPERIMENTS WITH S-AUREUS ALPHA-TOXIN, CLOSTRIDIUM-PERFRINGENS THETA-TOXIN AND ESCHERICHIA-COLI HEMOLYSIN IN LIPID BILAYERS, LIPOSOMES AND INTACT-CELLS. TOXICON, vol. 28(5), 477-491. link> doi>
  • Menestrina G, Bashford CL, Pasternak CA. 1990. Pore-forming toxins: experiments with S. aureus alpha-toxin, C. perfringens theta-toxin and E. coli haemolysin in lipid bilayers, liposomes and intact cells. Toxicon, vol. 28(5), 477-491. link>
  • Haselgrove JC, Bashford CL, Barlow CH, Quistorff B, Chance B, Mayevsky A. 1990. Time resolved 3-dimensional recording of redox ratio during spreading depression in gerbil brain. Brain Res, vol. 506(1), 109-114. link> doi>
  • Ozer NK, Bashford CL, Carter ND, Pasternak CA. 1989. Plasma membrane potential of lymphocytes from ataxia telangiectasia patients. Clin Biochem, vol. 22(6), 469-473. link> doi>
  • Pasternak CA, Bashford CL, Menestrina G. 1989. Mechanisms of attack and defence at the cell surface: the use of phospholipid bilayers as models for cell membrane. Biosci Rep, vol. 9(4), 503-507. link> doi>
  • Bashford CL, Rodrigues L, Pasternak CA. 1989. Protection of cells against membrane damage by haemolytic agents: divalent cations and protons act at the extracellular side of the plasma membrane. Biochim Biophys Acta, vol. 983(1), 56-64. link> doi>
  • Bashford CL, Menestrina G, Henkart PA, Pasternak CA. 1988. Cell damage by cytolysin. Spontaneous recovery and reversible inhibition by divalent cations. J Immunol, vol. 141(11), 3965-3974. link>
  • MCSHEEHY P and BASHFORD C. 1988. GOSSYPOL, A CYTOXIC AGENT, MAY UNCOUPLE RESPIRATION OF EHRLICH ASCITES TUMOR-CELLS. BIOCHEMICAL SOCIETY TRANSACTIONS, vol. 16(4), 616-617. link>
  • Bashford CL, Alder GM, Graham JM, Menestrina G, Pasternak CA. 1988. Ion modulation of membrane permeability: effect of cations on intact cells and on cells and phospholipid bilayers treated with pore-forming agents. J Membr Biol, vol. 103(1), 79-94. link> doi>
  • BASHFORD C. 1988. PHOSPHOLIPID FLIP-FLOP CORRELATES WITH VIRUS-MEMBRANE FUSION RATHER THAN WITH PORE FORMATION. STUDIA BIOPHYSICA, vol. 127(1-3), 155-162. link>
  • Bashford CL, Alder GM, Menestrina G, Micklem KJ, Murphy JJ, Pasternak CA. 1986. Membrane damage by hemolytic viruses, toxins, complement, and other cytotoxic agents. A common mechanism blocked by divalent cations. J Biol Chem, vol. 261(20), 9300-9308. link>
  • BASHFORD C and PASTERNAK C. 1986. PLASMA-MEMBRANE POTENTIAL OF SOME ANIMAL-CELLS IS GENERATED BY ION PUMPING, NOT BY ION GRADIENTS. TRENDS IN BIOCHEMICAL SCIENCES, vol. 11(3), 113-116. link> doi>
  • Mehta S, Bashford CL, Knox P, Pasternak CA. 1985. Chemiluminescence in neutrophils and Lettré cells induced by myxoviruses. Biochem J, vol. 227(1), 99-104. link>
  • PASTERNAK C, BASHFORD C, MICKLEM K. 1985. CA-2+ AND THE INTERACTION OF PORE-FORMERS WITH MEMBRANES. JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES, vol. 8(1-2), 273-291. link> doi>
  • Pasternak CA, Alder GM, Bashford CL, Buckley CD, Micklem KJ, Patel K. 1985. Cell damage by viruses, toxins and complement: common features of pore-formation and its inhibition by Ca2+. Biochem Soc Symp, vol. 50, 247-264. link>
  • BASHFORD C, ALDER G, PASTERNAK C. 1985. COMMON FEATURES OF PORE-FORMATION BY VIRUSES, TOXINS AND COMPLEMENT. BIOCHEMICAL SOCIETY TRANSACTIONS, vol. 13(4), 707-708. link>
  • PASTERNAK C and BASHFORD C. 1985. EFFECT OF CA-2+ AND OTHER DIVALENT-CATIONS ON PORE-FORMATION BY VIRUSES, TOXINS, COMPLEMENT AND OTHER AGENTS. STUDIA BIOPHYSICA, vol. 110(1-3), 113-122. link>
  • Bashford CL and Pasternak CA. 1985. Generation of plasma membrane potential by the Na+-pump coupled to proton extrusion. Eur Biophys J, vol. 12(4), 229-235. link>
  • Bashford CL, Alder GM, Gray MA, Micklem KJ, Taylor CC, Turek PJ, Pasternak CA. 1985. Oxonol dyes as monitors of membrane potential: the effect of viruses and toxins on the plasma membrane potential of animal cells in monolayer culture and in suspension. J Cell Physiol, vol. 123(3), 326-336. link> doi>
  • Bashford CL and Pasternak CA. 1985. Plasma membrane potential of neutrophils generated by the Na+ pump. Biochim Biophys Acta, vol. 817(1), 174-180. link> doi>
  • Bashford CL, Micklem KJ, Pasternak CA. 1985. Sequential onset of permeability changes in mouse ascites cells induced by Sendai virus. Biochim Biophys Acta, vol. 814(2), 247-255. link> doi>
  • Bashford CL, Alder GM, Patel K, Pasternak CA. 1984. Common action of certain viruses, toxins, and activated complement: pore formation and its prevention by extracellular Ca2+. Biosci Rep, vol. 4(9), 797-805. link> doi>
  • Bashford CL and Pasternak CA. 1984. Plasma membrane potential of Lettré cells does not depend on cation gradients but on pumps. J Membr Biol, vol. 79(3), 275-284. link> doi>
  • Bashford CL, Alder G, Micklem KJ, Pasternak CA. 1983. A novel method for measuring intracellular pH and potassium concentration. Biosci Rep, vol. 3(7), 631-642. link> doi>
  • ALDER G, BASHFORD C, PASTERNAK C. 1983. A NEW METHOD FOR MEASURING INTRACELLULAR PH AND POTASSIUM CONCENTRATION. JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON, vol. 340(JUL), P5-P6. link>
  • ALDER G, BASHFORD C, MICKLEM K, PASTERNAK C, TAYLOR C. 1983. MEMBRANE-POTENTIAL OF LETTRE CELLS MAY NOT BE SET BY CATION DIFFUSION POTENTIAL. JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON, vol. 343(OCT), P102. link>
  • BASHFORD C, MICKLEM K, PASTERNAK C. 1983. SEQUENTIAL INCREASE OF LETTRE CELL PLASMA-MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY INDUCED BY VIRUS. JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON, vol. 343(OCT), P100-P101. link>
  • Bashford CL, Barlow CH, Chance B, Haselgrove J, Sorge J. 1982. Optical measurements of oxygen delivery and consumption in gerbil cerebral cortex. Am J Physiol, vol. 242(5), C265-C271. link>
  • Bashford CL, Foster KA, Micklem KJ, Pasternak CA. 1981. Optical measurement of the plasma-membrane potential of mammalian cells grown in monolayer culture. Biochem Soc Trans, vol. 9(1), 80-81. link>
  • Lutaya G, Rahim ZH, Shuttlewood RJ, Bashford CL, Griffiths JR. 1981. Alkalinization of phosphorylase kinase-deficient muscle during tetanic contraction. Biosci Rep, vol. 1(2), 177-182. link> doi>
  • Bashford CL. 1981. The measurement of membrane potential using optical indicators. Biosci Rep, vol. 1(3), 183-196. link> doi>
  • Smith JC, Frank SJ, Bashford CL, Chance B, Rudkin B. 1980. Kinetics of the association of potential-sensitive dyes with model and energy-transducing membranes: implications for fast probe response times. J Membr Biol, vol. 54(2), 127-139. link> doi>
  • Bashford CL, Barlow CH, Chance B, Haselgrove J. 1980. The oxidation--reduction state of cytochrome oxidase in freeze trapped gerbil brains. FEBS Lett, vol. 113(1), 78-80. link> doi>
  • Bashford CL, Chance B, Lloyd D, Poole RK. 1980. Oscillations of redox states in synchronously dividing cultures of Acanthamoeba castellanii and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Biophys J, vol. 29(1), 1-11. link> doi>
  • HASELGROVE J, BARLOW C, BASHFORD C, CHANCE B, DAMBROSIO C. 1980. REDOX AND OXIDATION-STATES OF BRAIN MITOCHONDRIA AT DIFFERENT FIO2. FEDERATION PROCEEDINGS, vol. 39(3), 718. link>
  • van den Berg WH, Prince RC, Bashford CL, Takamiya KI, Bonner WD, Dutton PL. 1979. Electron and proton transport in the ubiquinone cytochrome b-c2 oxidoreductase of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Patterns of binding and inhibition by antimycin. J Biol Chem, vol. 254(17), 8594-8604. link>
  • Bashford CL, Chance B, Prince RC. 1979. Oxonol dyes as monitors of membrane potential. Their behavior in photosynthetic bacteria. Biochim Biophys Acta, vol. 545(1), 46-57. link>
  • Bashford CL, Chance B, Smith JC, Yoshida T. 1979. The behavior of oxonol dyes in phospholipid dispersions. Biophys J, vol. 25(1), 63-85. link> doi>
  • Bashford CL, Prince RC, Takamiya KI, Dutton PL. 1979. Electrogenic events in the ubiquinone-cytochrome b/c2 oxidoreductase of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Biochim Biophys Acta, vol. 545(2), 223-235. link>
  • Prince RC and Bashford CL. 1979. Equilibrium and kinetic measurements of the redox potentials of cytochromes c2 in vitro and in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta, vol. 547(3), 447-454. link> doi>
  • BASHFORD C, BALTSCHEFSKY M, PRINCE R. 1979. PHOSPHATE POTENTIAL AND H+-ATP RATIO IN RHODOSPIRILLUM-RUBRUM. FEBS LETTERS, vol. 97(1), 55-60. link> doi>
  • Bashford CL and Smith JC. 1979. The use of optical probes to monitor membrane potential. Methods Enzymol, vol. 55, 569-586. link>
  • Prince RC, Bashford CL, Takamiya KI, van den Berg WH, Dutton PL. 1978. Second order kinetics of the reduction of cytochrome c2 by the ubiquinone cytochrome b-c2 oxidoreductase of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. J Biol Chem, vol. 253(12), 4137-4142. link>
  • Bashford CL and Thayer WS. 1977. Thermodynamics of the electrochemical proton gradient in bovine heart submitochondrial particles. J Biol Chem, vol. 252(23), 8459-8463. link>
  • Charnock JS, Bashford CL, Ellory JC. 1976. Effects of ATP and magnesium ions on the fluorescence of harmala alkaloids. Restrictions for the use of harmala alkaloids as fluorescent probes for (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. Biochim Biophys Acta, vol. 436(2), 413-423. link> doi>
  • Bashford CL, Casey RP, Radda GK, Ritchie GA. 1976. Energy-coupling in adrenal chromaffin granules. Neuroscience, vol. 1(5), 399-412. link> doi>
  • Bashford CL, Johnson LN, Radda GK, Ritchie GA. 1976. Lipid ordering and enzymic activities in chromaffin granule membranes. Eur J Biochem, vol. 67(1), 105-114. link> doi>
  • Bashford CL, Morgan CG, Radda GK. 1976. Measurement and interpretation of fluorescence polarisations in phospholipid dispersions. Biochim Biophys Acta, vol. 426(2), 157-172. link>
  • Bashford CL, Casey RP, Radda GK, Ritchie GA. 1975. The effect of uncouplers on catecholamine incorporation by vesicles of chromaffin granules. Biochem J, vol. 148(1), 153-155. link>
  • Bashford CL, Radda GK, Ritchie GA. 1975. Energy-linked activities of the chromaffin granule membrane. FEBS Lett, vol. 50(1), 21-24. link> doi>
  • Charnock JS and Bashford CL. 1975. A fluorescent probe study of the lipid mobility of membranes containing sodium- and potassium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase. Mol Pharmacol, vol. 11(6), 766-774. link>
  • Bashford CL, Harrison SJ, Radda GK. 1975. The relation between lipid mobility and the specific hormone binding of thyroid membranes. Biochem J, vol. 146(2), 473-479. link>

Other

  • Bashford CL. 2004. Ion permeation of pores in model membranes: selectivity, fluctuations and the role of surface charge. Germany. link> doi>
  • Bashford CL. 2001. Pore-forming toxins: Attack and defence at the cell surface. CELLULAR & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LETTERS (vol. 6, pp. 328-333). link>
  • Coates GMP, Alder GM, Smart OS, Bashford CL. 2000. The size of membrane pores: The effect of non-electrolytes on the conductance of gramicidin. ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA B (vol. 31, pp. 1097-1107). link>
  • Omichi H, Yoshida M, Asano M, Nagaoka N, Kubota H, Katakai R, Spohr R, Reber N, Wolf A, Alder GM, Ang V, Bashford CL, Pasternak CA. 1997. Application of ion beams to synthesis of environmentally responsive track membranes. NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS (vol. 131, pp. 350-356). link> doi>
  • Bashford CL. 1995. Membrane pores--from biology to track-etched membranes. Biosci Rep (vol. 15, pp. 553-565). link> doi>
  • Pasternak CA, Alder GM, Apel PY, Bashford CL, Korchev YE, Lev AA, Rostovtseva TK, Zhitariuk NI. 1995. Model pores for biological membranes: The properties of track-etched membranes. NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS (vol. 105, pp. 332-334). link> doi>
  • PASTERNAK C, ALDER G, APEL P, BASHFORD C, EDMONDS D, KORCHEV Y, LEV A, LOWE G, MILOVANOVICH M, PITT C, ROSTOVTSEVA T, ZHITARIUK N. 1995. NUCLEAR TRACK-ETCHED FILTERS AS MODEL PORES FOR BIOLOGICAL-MEMBRANES. RADIATION MEASUREMENTS (vol. 25, pp. 675-683). link> doi>
  • BASHFORD C, KORCHEV Y, ROSTOVTSEVA T, PEDERZOLLI C, ALDER G, KOVACS E, MILOVANOVICH M, PITT C, PASTERNAK C. 1994. SEARCHING HIGH AND LOW FOR THE BASIS OF ION CHANNEL BEHAVIOUR. BIOPHYSICS OF MEMBRANE TRANSPORT - SCHOOL PROCEEDINGS, PT I (pp. 69-79). link>
  • PASTERNAK C, BASHFORD C, KORCHEV Y, ROSTOVTSEVA T, LEV A. 1993. MODULATION OF SURFACE FLOW BY DIVALENT-CATIONS AND PROTONS. COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS (vol. 77, pp. 119-124). link> doi>
  • LEV A, KORCHEV Y, ROSTOVTSEVA T, BASHFORD C, PASTERNAK C. 1992. LIPID IMPREGNATED NUCLEAR FILTERS AS A NEW MODEL FOR STUDIES OF SURFACE CONDUCTANCE AND SINGLE-CHANNEL PHENOMENA. BIOPHYSICS OF MEMBRANE TRANSPORT : SCHOOL PROCEEDINGS, PTS 1 AND 2 (pp. A320-A349). link>
  • BASHFORD C. 1992. TOXIN-INDUCED MEMBRANE CHANNELS - CHARACTERIZATION AND REGULATION BY CATIONS. MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF TRANSPORT (vol. 29, pp. 309-316). link>
  • BASHFORD C. 1990. DIVALENT-CATION AND PROTON GATING OF ION CHANNELS. BIOPHYSICS OF MEMBRANE TRANSPORT : SCHOOL PROCEEDINGS, VOL 1 (pp. 9-23). link>
  • BASHFORD C. 1988. LEAKS, LESIONS AND LYSIS - A COMMON MECHANISM OF CYTOTOXICITY AND ITS MODULATION BY CATIONS. BIOPHYSICS OF MEMBRANE TRANSPORT, VOLS 1 & 2 (pp. 21-45). link>

Research Grants

1983-2002:

Cell Surface Research Fund

1995-1997:

BBSRC: "Flow through, and imaging the aperture of, narrow pores." £134,560

1994-1995:

SERC: "Selective ion flow and ion current switching in narrow pores." £50,000